1. The Nature & Variety of Living Organisms

Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms

1.2 Common Features: Eukaryotic Organisms

1.3 Common Features: Prokaryotic Organisms

1.4 Pathogens

2. Structure & Function in Living Organisms

Levels of Organisation

2.1 Levels of Organisation

Cell Structure

2.2 Cell Structures

2.3 Functions of Cell Structures

2.4 Animal & Plant Cells: Similarities & Differences

2.5B Importance of Cell Differentiation

2.6B Stem Cells in Medicine: Advantages & Disadvantages

Biological Molecules

2.7 Chemical Elements in Biological Molecules

2.8 Structure of Carbohydrates, Proteins & Lipids

2.9 Practical: Food Tests

2.10 Role of Enzymes

2.11 Temperature & Enzyme Function

2.12 Practical: Investigating Temperature & Enzyme Activity

2.13 pH & Enzyme Function

2.14B Practical: Investigating pH & Enzyme Activity

Movement of Substances Into & Out of Cells

2.15 Diffusion, Osmosis & Active Transport

2.16 Factors Affecting the Rate of Movement of Substances

2.17 Practical: Investigating Diffusion & Osmosis

Nutrition

2.18 The Process of Photosynthesis

2.19 Photosynthesis Equations

2.20 Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis

2.21 Leaf: Structure & Adaptations

2.22 Plants & Mineral Ions

2.23 Practical: Investigating Photosynthesis

2.24 Balanced Diet

2.25 Sources & Functions of Dietary Elements

2.26 Variation in Energy Requirements

2.27 Human Alimentary Canal: Structure & Function

2.28 Peristalsis

2.29 Role of Digestive Enzymes

2.30 Bile: Production & Storage

2.31 Bile: Function

2.32 Small Intestine: Structure & Adaptations

2.33B Practical: Energy Content of a Food Sample

Respiration

2.34 Process of Respiration

2.35 ATP Provides Energy for Cells

2.36 Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration: Differences

2.37 Aerobic Respiration Equations

2.38 Anaerobic Respiration Word Equation

2.39 Practical: Investigating Respiration

Gas Exchange

2.40B Role of Diffusion in Gas Exchange

2.41B Gas Exchange in Relation to Respiration & Photosynthesis

2.42B Leaf Adaptations for Gas Exchange

2.43B Role of Stomata in Gas Exchange

2.44B Gas Exchange: Night vs Day

2.45B Practical: The Effect of Light on Gas Exchange in Plants

2.46 Structure of the Breathing System

2.47 Role of the Intercostal Muscles & Diaphragm

2.48 Alveoli: Adaptations for Gas Exchange

2.49 Smoking & the Gas Exchange System

2.50 Practical: The Effect of Exercise on Breathing

Transport Systems

2.51 Unicellular Organisms & Diffusion

2.52 The Need for a Transport System in Multicellular Organisms

2.53 Role of the Phloem

2.54 Role of the Xylem

2.55B Absorption of Water by Root Hair Cells

2.56B Transpiration

2.57B Factors Affecting Transpiration

2.58B Practical: Factors Affecting Transpiration

2.59 Composition of the Blood

2.60 Role of Plasma in Transport

2.61 Adaptations of Red Blood Cells

2.62 Immune Response to Disease

2.63B Vaccinations

2.64B Platelets & Blood Clotting

2.65 Structure & Function of the Heart

2.66 Heart Rate & Exercise

2.67 Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

2.68 Blood Vessels: Structure & Function

2.69 Circulatory System: General Structure

Excretion

2.70 Carbon Dioxide & Oxygen as Waste Products of Metabolism

2.71 Organs of Excretion

2.72B Kidney: Excretion & Osmoregulation

2.73B Structure of the Urinary System

2.74B Nephron Structure

2.75B Ultrafiltration

2.76B Reabsorption of Water

2.77B Selective Reabsorption of Glucose

2.78B Role of ADH

2.79B Composition of Urine

Co-ordination & Response

2.80 Response to Changes in the Environment

2.81 Homeostasis

2.82 Co-ordinating Response

2.83 Response to Stimuli: Plants

2.84 Geotropism & Phototropism

2.85 Role of Auxin in Phototropism

2.86 Nervous & Hormonal Control

2.87 Human Nervous System: Structure

2.88 Human Nervous System: Function

2.89 Role of Neurotransmitters at Synapses

2.90 Simple Reflex Arc

2.91 The Human Eye: Structure

2.92 The Human Eye: Function

2.93 The Role of Skin in Temperature Regulation

2.94 The Role of Hormones: Basic

2.95B The Role of Hormones: Advanced

3. Reproduction & Inheritance

Reproduction

3.1 Sexual & Asexual Reproduction: Differences

3.2 Process of Fertilisation

3.3 Pollination in Plants

3.4 Fertilisation in Plants

3.5 Practical: Conditions for Germination

3.6 Germinating Seeds

3.7 Asexual Plant Reproduction

3.8 Human Reproductive Systems

3.9 Roles of Oestrogen & Progesterone in the Menstrual Cycle

3.10B Roles of FSH & LH in the menstrual cycle

3.11 Role of the Placenta

3.12 Implantation & Development of the Foetus

3.13 Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Inheritance

3.14 The Genome & Genes

3.15 Nucleus & Chromosomes

3.16B DNA Structure

3.17B RNA Structure

3.18B Stages of Protein Synthesis

3.19 Alleles

3.20 Key Terms in Genetics

3.21B Codominance

3.22 Polygenic Inheritance

3.23 Monohybrid Inheritance: Genetic Diagrams

3.24 Family Pedigrees

3.25 Predicting Probabilities of Outcomes from Monohybrid Crosses

3.26 Sex Chromosomes

3.27 Determining the Sex of Offspring at Fertilisation

3.28 Mitosis

3.29 Importance of Mitosis

3.30 Meiosis

3.31 Random Fertilisation & Genetic Variation

3.32 Diploid vs Haploid

3.33 Variation with a Species

3.34 Mutation

3.35B Changes in DNA can Affect the Phenotype

3.36B The Effect of Mutations

3.37B Incidence of Mutations

3.38 Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

3.39 Antibiotic Resistance

4. Ecology & the Environment

The Organism in the Environment

4.1 Population, Community, Habitat & Ecosystem

4.2 Practical: Investigating Population Size

4.3B Biodiversity

4.4B Practical: Investigating the Distribution of Organisms

4.5 Abiotic & Biotic Factors

Feeding Relationships

4.6 Trophic Levels

4.7 Food chains, Food webs & Pyramids

4.8 Transfer of Substances & Energy Along a Food Chain

4.9 Energy Loss Between Trophic Levels

Cycles within Ecosystems

4.10 Carbon Cycle

4.11B Nitrogen Cycle

Human Influences on the Environment

4.12 Biological Consequences of Air Pollution

4.13 Greenhouse Gases

4.14 Human Activities Contribute to Greenhouse Gases

4.15 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

4.16 Biological Consequences of Water Pollution by Sewage

4.17 Biological Consequences of Eutrophication

4.18B The Effects of Deforestation

5. Use of Biological Resources

Food Production

5.1 Crop Plants: Glasshouses & Polythene Tunnels

5.2 Crop Plants: Increasing Carbon Dioxide & Temperature

5.3 Crop Plants: Fertiliser

5.4 Crop Plants: Pest Control

5.5 Yeast in Food Production

5.6 Practical: Investigating Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

5.7 Role of Bacteria in Yoghurt Production

5.8 Industrial Fermenters

5.9B Fish Farming

Selective Breeding

5.10 Selective Breeding in Plants

5.11 Selective Breeding in Animals

Genetic Modification (Genetic Engineering)

5.12 Restriction Enzymes

5.13 Vectors & Recombinant DNA

5.14 Manufacturing Human Insulin

5.15 GM Plants & Food Production

5.16 Transgenic

Cloning

5.17B The Process of Micropropagation

5.18B Commercial Use of Micropropagation

5.19B The Production of Cloned Mammals

5.20B Cloning to Produce Human Proteins