1. Key Concepts in Biology

1.1 Cell Structure

1.1.1 Eukaryotic Organisms

1.1.2 Eukaryotic Organisms: Animals & Plants

1.1.3 Eukaryotic Organisms: Fungi & Protoctists

1.1.4 Prokaryotic Organisms

1.1.5 Specialised Cells

1.1.6 Microscopy

1.1.7 Practical: Microscopy

1.1.8 Using Units

1.2 Enzymes

1.2.1 The Action of Enzymes

1.2.2 Factors Affecting Enzymes

1.2.3 Practical: Enzymes & pH

1.2.4 Rate Calculations for Enzyme Activity

1.2.5 Enzymes as Biological Catalysts

1.2.6 Practical: Food Tests

1.2.7 Practical: Energy Content in Food

1.3 Movement of Substances Into & Out of Cells

1.3.1 Diffusion

1.3.2 Osmosis

1.3.3 Active Transport

2. Cells & Control

2.1 Cell Division

2.1.1 Mitosis

2.1.2 Uncontrolled Cell Division

2.2 Growth in Organisms

2.2.1 Growth

2.2.2 The Importance of Cell Differentiation

2.3 Stem Cells

2.3.1 Animal Stem Cells

2.3.2 Plant Stem Cells

2.3.3 Stem Cells In Medicine

2.4 Co-ordination & Response

2.4.1 The Brain

2.4.2 Scanning The Brain

2.4.3 The Human Nervous System

2.4.4 Synapses

2.4.5 Simple Reflex Arc

2.4.6 The Human Eye

2.4.7 Defects of the Eye

3. Genetics

3.1 Reproduction

3.1.1 Types of Reproduction

3.1.2 The Role of Meiosis

3.1.3 DNA & the Genome

3.1.4 Protein Synthesis

3.1.5 Genetic Variants

3.2 Inheritance

3.2.1 Mendel's Work

3.2.2 Key Definitions

3.2.3 Predicting Genetic Inheritance

3.2.4 Inheritance of Sex

3.2.5 Codominance

3.2.6 Sex-linked Characteristics

3.2.7 Polygenic Inheritance

3.2.8 Variation

3.2.9 Mutations

4. Natural Selection & Genetic Modification

4.1 Natural Selection & Evolution

4.1.1 The Work of Darwin & Wallace

4.1.2 Evolution by Natural Selection

4.1.3 Evidence of Evolution

4.1.4 The Pentadactyl Limb

4.1.5 The Three Domains

4.2 Genetic Modification

4.2.1 Selective Breeding

4.2.2 Tissue Cultures

4.2.3 Genetic Engineering

4.2.4 The Process of Genetic Engineering

4.2.5 Meeting Global Food Demands

4.2.6 Evaluating the Use of Genetic Engineering

4.2.7 The Human Genome Project

5. Health, Disease & the Development of Medicines

5.1 Disease

5.1.1 Health & Disease

5.1.2 Pathogens

5.1.3 Common Infections

5.2 Defence Against Disease

5.2.1 Plant Defence Responses

5.2.2 Plant Diseases

5.2.3 Human Defence Responses

5.2.4 Immunity

5.2.5 Vaccination

5.3 Development of Medicines

5.3.1 Antibiotics

5.3.2 Investigating Microorganisms

5.3.3 Practical: Investigating the Effects of Antiseptics & Antibiotics

5.3.4 Discovery & Development of New Drugs

5.3.5 Monoclonal Antibodies

5.3.6 Lifestyle & Non-Communicable Disease

5.3.7 Cardiovascular Disease

6. Plant Structures & their Functions

6.1 Photosynthesis

6.1.1 Photosynthesis

6.1.2 Limiting Factors

6.1.3 Light & the Rate of Photosynthesis

6.1.4 Practical: Investigating Light & Photosynthesis

6.2 Plant Structure

6.2.1 Root Hair Cells

6.2.2 Xylem & Phloem

6.2.3 Structure of the Leaf

6.2.4 Living in Extreme Conditions

6.3 Transport in Plants

6.3.1 Transport of Water & Mineral Ions

6.3.2 Factors Affecting the Rate of Water Uptake

6.3.3 Translocation

6.4 Plant Hormones

6.4.1 Plant Hormones & Growth

6.4.2 Using Plant Hormones Commercially

7. Animal Coordination, Control & Homeostasis

7.1 Animal Hormones

7.1.1 The Endocrine System

7.1.2 Adrenaline

7.1.3 Thyroxine

7.1.4 Hormones & the Menstrual Cycle

7.1.5 Contraception

7.1.6 Hormones & Assisted Reproductive Technology

7.2 Homeostasis

7.2.1 Importance of Homeostasis

7.2.2 Thermoregulation

7.2.3 Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation

7.2.4 Osmoregulation

7.2.5 Forming Urine

7.2.6 ADH

7.2.7 Kidney Failure

7.2.8 Formation of Urea

7.2.9 Regulating Blood Glucose Concentration

7.2.10 Diabetes

8. Exchange & Transport in Animals

8.1 Transport in Animals

8.1.1 The Need for Transport

8.1.2 Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion

8.2 Respiration

8.2.1 Respiration

8.2.2 Practical: Investigating Respiration

8.3 Gas Exchange

8.3.1 Adaptations of the Alveoli

8.4 Circulatory System

8.4.1 The Blood & Blood Vessels

8.4.2 The Circulatory System

9. Ecosystems & Material Cycles

9.1 The Organism in the Environment

9.1.1 Key Terms in Ecology

9.1.2 Abiotic & Biotic Factors

9.1.3 Interdependence

9.1.4 Parasitism & Mutualism

9.1.5 Biodiversity

9.1.6 Sampling Organisms

9.2 Feeding Relationships

9.2.1 Trophic Levels & Food Chains

9.2.2 Food Webs

9.2.3 Food Pyramids

9.2.4 Transfer of Energy

9.3 Cycles within Ecosystems

9.3.1 The Water Cycle

9.3.2 The Carbon Cycle

9.3.3 The Nitrogen Cycle

9.3.4 Decomposition & Decay

9.4 Human Influences on the Environment

9.4.1 Human Impact on Biodiversity

9.4.2 Assessing Pollution

9.4.3 Benefits of Maintaining Biodiversity

9.5 Food Production

9.5.1 Food Security